Two 2DayFM radio DJs in Australia, Mel Greig and Michael Christian made a hoax telephone call to the hospital where the Duchess of Cambridge Catherine was staying. They pretended to be the Queen and Prince Charles and spoke to the nurse Jacintha Saldanha first. She passed them on to another nurse who gave them information. A few days later she hung herself and left a husband and two children. She left three suicide notes explaining why she wanted to kill herself. One of the notes said that is because of the prank call, another one is her funeral plans and finally last one is about the staffs at the hospital for criticised her.
For - Should they be charged for manslaughter?
They were indirectly responsible for the death of Jacintha Saldanha even though there may have been no intention to harm anyone. At very least, it was like a public humiliation and embarrassment.
They didn't think that they would be put through to the ward but they carried on pretending to be the Queen and Prince Charles.
They knew they would get the confidential information about Duchess Catherine's health after they spoke to the first nurse who was Jacintha.
Mel and Michael did not think about the consequences of their actions - like how much trouble the nurses could get into and they would not know the state of mind of the nurses at that time.
They shouldn't pretend to be the Queen and Prince Charles, its like stealing their identities.
Against - Should they not be charged for manslaughter?
It was just a harmless prank call, they didn't think that one of the nurses called Jacintha Saldanha would kill herself.
Jacintha Saldanha had already tried to kill herself before the prank call so it cannot be entirely their fault. Her first tried to commit last year while on the trip to India, Jacintha reportedly took an overdose of pills and was rushed to a hospital but she survived. Nine days later, she jumped from a building. She was reportedly then prescribed anti-depressants.
They have put on accents that sounded like the Queen and Prince Charles, but they didn't think it was very good so they thought they wouldn't get to speak to the nurses and will have the phone put down on them.
She had too much stress and she couldn't take it all. The hospital told her that she wasn't facing any disciplinary action but they need to know what they actually said to her. They said they supported her after the prank call but when she hanged herself, she left three suicide notes. one of them was about, "addresses of her employers, the hospital, and contains criticism of staff there.".
It is not against the law to make a prank call.
However the hospital rules and regulations stated that no member of staff should give any confidential/personal information about anyone over the phone.
Mel Greig and Michael Christian didn't know that she had previously tried to kill herself and therefore did not realised that the impact of the phone call would be so severe.
Conclusion
I don't think Mel Greig and Michael Christian should be charged for manslaughter because Jacintha Saldanha had already tried to kill herself before the prank call happened twice but failed. I think she may have been a lot more fragile than anyone, even her family, realised. There might be other problems because otherwise why she would leave her husband and her two children behind. Also it is not against the law and they haven't actually told her to kill herself, they were just asking about Kate's health. There is no evidence to show that the phone call made her kill herself. She made the decision to kill herself. But the prank call triggered her to do it because its so humiliating and embarrassing and she couldn't face other people. So this means if Mel and Michael never made the prank call then she would been have likely to have killed herself but she might have done it at a later date.
Mel Greig and Michael Christian will not face charges of the 'Kate Middleton prank call tragedy'. The Crown Prosecution Service said, 'There is no evidence to support a charge of manslaughter against Mel Greig and Michael Christian over the death of nurse Jacintha Saldanha'. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/kate-middleton-prank-call-no-1568715 "Subsequently, Jacintha Saldanha, a nurse at the hospital who had initially taken the call but who had not herself passed on the information, tragically took her own life." http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/kate-middleton-prank-call-no-1568715
But Mel Greig and Michael Christian have both lost their jobs and their show.
Tuesday, 5 February 2013
Tuesday, 27 November 2012
Independent Radio Programme Production Companies
Independent Radio Programme Production Companies is not a radio station, they are group of people who's produced production company name and then creates content for broadcasters/radio stations. Its not about being a broadcaster, its about producing ideas for different radio stations.
For an example, they might produce a jingle. For an example of production company is Pennine Productions LLP, they are based in the North and making programmes for BBC Radio. In this company, they have got two partners which are Janet Gaves - Journalist and former producer for Woman's Hour on Radio 4 and Clare Jenkines - Journalist and broadcaster.
What they do in their company are:
Independent Radio Programme Production Companies have to go through a process called commissioning, they form production company, they then have to register with audio and music production company database which is recognised production company by BBC. Next find out what shows they want and use their expertise to make a good idea. Finally they have to pitch their idea, they do this by logging the system and upload their proposal.
The things they would include in their proposal are:
For an example, they might produce a jingle. For an example of production company is Pennine Productions LLP, they are based in the North and making programmes for BBC Radio. In this company, they have got two partners which are Janet Gaves - Journalist and former producer for Woman's Hour on Radio 4 and Clare Jenkines - Journalist and broadcaster.
What they do in their company are:
- Make radio documentaries and features
- Compile CDs and podcasts for individuals, organisations and companies
- Creating unique podcasts, literally give your websites a voice
- Work with actors, presenters and writers
- Deliver media training and masterclasses
- Create oral history and deliver oral history training.
Independent Radio Programme Production Companies have to go through a process called commissioning, they form production company, they then have to register with audio and music production company database which is recognised production company by BBC. Next find out what shows they want and use their expertise to make a good idea. Finally they have to pitch their idea, they do this by logging the system and upload their proposal.
The things they would include in their proposal are:
- What this show is about
- What sort of songs would be on if it is song based?
- Who is going to be on the show? Who will presenting.
- How long it will last?
- They might include demo
- They might write about their experiences in order to sell themselves
Not-For-Profit Radio
Community Radio
In the UK, Community Radio is refer to a system of licensing small, micro-local, non-profit radio stations which started in 2002. They used to be called Access Radio.
Community Radio is new type of radio station but they used to have community radio ages ago. They came back but in the new type of radio station. Community Radio broadcast to smaller areas within 5 km of their transmitter. Their job is to use communities rather than make a profit. Community Radio also need licence, which we award, to broadcast.
OfCom
OfCom have rules for broadcasting in the UK and we have to follow them by licence every radio and television station. So radio and television station have to agree terms and aims.
A community radio station's programmes need to know the needs and interests of their audience. Normally the radio stations talk but they wanted to involve listeners to make them part of the community and making sure listeners have a say in what is put on the radio stations.
Licence
You are not allowed to have a licence if you are an individual but they give the licence to groups or organisations like not-for-profit companies or charities. The people who give the licence out will be from the community they serve.
The community they can apply to broadcast can be anything you choose as long as you are meeting what it is needed in the community, this is so they can award you a licence. However if you want to meet the needs of your community then you need to show that you can offer a radio service.
The licence lasts for at least five years at a time. When it nears the end to run out then you need to apply the licence before it runs out but they might not be available.
The community radio stations get paid by having small amount of advertising and sponsorship in their broadcasts. However you need to raise the money to fund the station in other ways such as the government, national lottery or charities. OfCom might be able to provide some funding if they get any from the governments.
They don't restrict the amount of the licences that are available.
They can apply once a year but they must be within 12 weeks of the opening date.
They have to pay £600 just to apply and they won't get it back. If they are successful, they will also have to pay licence fees every year.
Our Local radio is Salford City Radio and our radio is called E6 Radio. E6 Radio is new recently, they are starting getting ready for this college and it is our first time to have radio in our college so we are all learning what to do and how to use it. We have been rehearsing and listening another radios to help us to do our own radio station.
Hospital Radio
Hospital Radio is a form of audio broadcasting produced specifically for the in-patients of hospitals. It is primarily found in the UK. People who listen hospital radio would be who's a patients and staffs. They can make them more relaxing and welcoming rather than be sad all the time. They make the patients happier. Staff who always work hard, they can listen to radio to release their stress. Hospital Radio is come from through bedside units, by low-powered AM or FM licence, or over the Internet. They can do live programming is limited to the times that stations' volunteer members can attend studios and do it for the patients, mostly evenings and weekends.
Volunteers - Volunteers are mostly trained by the station and take part in regular broadcasts which may include hospital news, the songs are mostly chosen by the patients and interviews. Most professional radio presenters volunteer for hospital in their early career, as it provides a training ground for budding broadcasters. Such as Chris Moyles, Scott Mills, Huw Stephens, Karl Pikington, Ken Bruce etc.
Student Radio
Student Radio Stations is a place of education such as a college or university. This can help the students to broadcast their college or university, they will have experience and if they wanted to be radio presenters. This would be good for them to learn before you go to the Radio Stations. Most students stations do like news mostly from the local area and sports could be from their campus. Also they can do music for student radio.
Volunteering - Student Radio will be a good start for students to learn and practice broadcasting. Most stations broadcast online now, for only short periods at a time. You don't need a licence to provide for a reception area greater that 4km from the point of transmission.
In the UK, Community Radio is refer to a system of licensing small, micro-local, non-profit radio stations which started in 2002. They used to be called Access Radio.
Community Radio is new type of radio station but they used to have community radio ages ago. They came back but in the new type of radio station. Community Radio broadcast to smaller areas within 5 km of their transmitter. Their job is to use communities rather than make a profit. Community Radio also need licence, which we award, to broadcast.
OfCom
OfCom have rules for broadcasting in the UK and we have to follow them by licence every radio and television station. So radio and television station have to agree terms and aims.
A community radio station's programmes need to know the needs and interests of their audience. Normally the radio stations talk but they wanted to involve listeners to make them part of the community and making sure listeners have a say in what is put on the radio stations.
Licence
You are not allowed to have a licence if you are an individual but they give the licence to groups or organisations like not-for-profit companies or charities. The people who give the licence out will be from the community they serve.
The community they can apply to broadcast can be anything you choose as long as you are meeting what it is needed in the community, this is so they can award you a licence. However if you want to meet the needs of your community then you need to show that you can offer a radio service.
The licence lasts for at least five years at a time. When it nears the end to run out then you need to apply the licence before it runs out but they might not be available.
The community radio stations get paid by having small amount of advertising and sponsorship in their broadcasts. However you need to raise the money to fund the station in other ways such as the government, national lottery or charities. OfCom might be able to provide some funding if they get any from the governments.
They don't restrict the amount of the licences that are available.
They can apply once a year but they must be within 12 weeks of the opening date.
They have to pay £600 just to apply and they won't get it back. If they are successful, they will also have to pay licence fees every year.
Our Local radio is Salford City Radio and our radio is called E6 Radio. E6 Radio is new recently, they are starting getting ready for this college and it is our first time to have radio in our college so we are all learning what to do and how to use it. We have been rehearsing and listening another radios to help us to do our own radio station.
Hospital Radio
Hospital Radio is a form of audio broadcasting produced specifically for the in-patients of hospitals. It is primarily found in the UK. People who listen hospital radio would be who's a patients and staffs. They can make them more relaxing and welcoming rather than be sad all the time. They make the patients happier. Staff who always work hard, they can listen to radio to release their stress. Hospital Radio is come from through bedside units, by low-powered AM or FM licence, or over the Internet. They can do live programming is limited to the times that stations' volunteer members can attend studios and do it for the patients, mostly evenings and weekends.
Volunteers - Volunteers are mostly trained by the station and take part in regular broadcasts which may include hospital news, the songs are mostly chosen by the patients and interviews. Most professional radio presenters volunteer for hospital in their early career, as it provides a training ground for budding broadcasters. Such as Chris Moyles, Scott Mills, Huw Stephens, Karl Pikington, Ken Bruce etc.
Student Radio
Student Radio Stations is a place of education such as a college or university. This can help the students to broadcast their college or university, they will have experience and if they wanted to be radio presenters. This would be good for them to learn before you go to the Radio Stations. Most students stations do like news mostly from the local area and sports could be from their campus. Also they can do music for student radio.
Volunteering - Student Radio will be a good start for students to learn and practice broadcasting. Most stations broadcast online now, for only short periods at a time. You don't need a licence to provide for a reception area greater that 4km from the point of transmission.
Public Service Radio
Our Public Service Radio is BBC. BBC is the biggest employer in the radio industry employing almost 11,000 people to provide its portfolio of national and local services. The licences fee for radio is £2.11 per household per month.
The BBC has ten radio stations serving the whole of the UK, a further six stations in the "national regions" (Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), and 40 other local stations serving defined areas of England. Of the ten national stations, five are major stations and are available on FM and/or AM as well as on DAB and online. These are BBC Radio 1, offering new music and popular styles and being notable for its chart show; BBC Radio 2, playing Adult contemporary, country and soul music amongst many other genres; BBC Radio 3, presenting classical and jazz music together with some spoken-word programming of a cultural nature in the evenings; BBC Radio 4, focusing on current affairs, factual and other speech-based programming, including drama and comedy; and BBC Radio 5 Live, broadcasting 24-hour news, sport and talk programmes.
There is five national networks which are Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4 and lastly Radio 5 Live. There is five Digital Only Services are 1 Xtra, Radio 4 Extra, Radio 5 Live Sports Extra, 6 Music and finally The Asian Network. BBC A&M is also responsible for 5 national networks broadcast exclusively on digital platforms and online.
The BBC World Service is the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasting news, speech and discussions in 27 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, inter net streaming, podcasting, satellite, FM and MW relays. The World Service was reported to have reached 188 million people a week on average in June 2009. It does not carry advertising, and the English language service broadcasts 24 hours a day.
For a worldwide audience, the BBC World Service is available in over 150 capital cities. It is broadcast worldwide on shortwave radio, DAB and online and has an estimated weekly audience of 180 million listeners. Since 2005, it is also available on DAB in the UK, a step not taken before, due to the way it is funded. The service is funded by a Parliamentary Grant-in-Aid, administered by the Foreign Office, however following the Governments spending review in 2011, this funding will cease, and it will be funded for the first time through the Licence fee. In recent years, some services of the World Service have been reduced; the Thai service ended in 2006 as did the Eastern European languages, with resources diverted instead into the new BBC Arabic Television.
Charter
The BBC operates under a Royal Charter, with the current Charter having come into effect on 1 January 2007 and still running until 31 December 2016. The Royal Charter is reviewed every 10 years. The 2007 Charter specifies that the mission of the Corporation is to 'inform, educate and entertain'. It states that the Corporation exists to serve the public interest and to promote its public purposes: sustaining citizenship and civil society, promoting education and learning, stimulating creativity and cultural excellence, representing the UK, its nations, regions and communities, bringing the UK to the world and the world and the world to the UK, helping to deliver to the public the benefit of emerging communications technologies and services, and taking a leading role in the switchover to digital television.
This Charter also created the largest change in the governance of the Corporation since its inception. It abolished the sometimes controversial governing body, the Board of Governors, and replaced it with the BBC Trust and a formalised Executive Board.
Under the Royal Charter, the BBC must obtain a licence from the Home Secretary. This licence is accompanied by an agreement which sets the terms and conditions under which BBC is allowed to broadcast. It was under this Licence and Agreement that the Sinn Fein broadcast ban from 1988 to 1994 was implemented.
BBC Trust
The BBC Trust is when they make sure that the BBC follow their charter, not made up by BBC staff. The Trust will perform these roles in the public interest.
The BBC Trust was formed on 1 January 2007, replacing the Board of Governors as the governing body of the Corporation. The Trust sets the strategy for the corporation, assesses the performance of the BBC Executive Board in delivering the BBC's services, and appoints the Director-General.
BBC Trustees are appointed by the British monarch on advice of government ministers. There are currently ten trustees with two vacancies, headed by the Chairman, Lord Patten of Barnes and the vice-chairman Diane Coyle. There are trustees for the four constituents of the United Kingdom are; England (Alison Hastings), Scotland (Bill Matthews), Wales (Elan Closs Stephens) and Northern Ireland (Rotha Johnston). The remaining four trustees are Richard Ayre, Anthony Fry, David Liddiment and Mehmuda Mian.
BBC Commissioning
They wanted someone to be recognised, not just some people who had no experiences with radio. They need to be an registered production company. The next stage is for the company to look for what radio stations want and get ideas. They will then prepare an idea/pitch to put forward and see if the stations want them. At the moment, they want new ideas for Radio 1/ Radio 1 Xtra, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4/ Radio 4 Extra, Radio 5 Live, Radio 6 Music, World Service, Asian Network, Regions, Local Radio and Interactive.
The BBC has ten radio stations serving the whole of the UK, a further six stations in the "national regions" (Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), and 40 other local stations serving defined areas of England. Of the ten national stations, five are major stations and are available on FM and/or AM as well as on DAB and online. These are BBC Radio 1, offering new music and popular styles and being notable for its chart show; BBC Radio 2, playing Adult contemporary, country and soul music amongst many other genres; BBC Radio 3, presenting classical and jazz music together with some spoken-word programming of a cultural nature in the evenings; BBC Radio 4, focusing on current affairs, factual and other speech-based programming, including drama and comedy; and BBC Radio 5 Live, broadcasting 24-hour news, sport and talk programmes.
There is five national networks which are Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4 and lastly Radio 5 Live. There is five Digital Only Services are 1 Xtra, Radio 4 Extra, Radio 5 Live Sports Extra, 6 Music and finally The Asian Network. BBC A&M is also responsible for 5 national networks broadcast exclusively on digital platforms and online.
The BBC World Service is the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasting news, speech and discussions in 27 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, inter net streaming, podcasting, satellite, FM and MW relays. The World Service was reported to have reached 188 million people a week on average in June 2009. It does not carry advertising, and the English language service broadcasts 24 hours a day.
For a worldwide audience, the BBC World Service is available in over 150 capital cities. It is broadcast worldwide on shortwave radio, DAB and online and has an estimated weekly audience of 180 million listeners. Since 2005, it is also available on DAB in the UK, a step not taken before, due to the way it is funded. The service is funded by a Parliamentary Grant-in-Aid, administered by the Foreign Office, however following the Governments spending review in 2011, this funding will cease, and it will be funded for the first time through the Licence fee. In recent years, some services of the World Service have been reduced; the Thai service ended in 2006 as did the Eastern European languages, with resources diverted instead into the new BBC Arabic Television.
Charter
The BBC operates under a Royal Charter, with the current Charter having come into effect on 1 January 2007 and still running until 31 December 2016. The Royal Charter is reviewed every 10 years. The 2007 Charter specifies that the mission of the Corporation is to 'inform, educate and entertain'. It states that the Corporation exists to serve the public interest and to promote its public purposes: sustaining citizenship and civil society, promoting education and learning, stimulating creativity and cultural excellence, representing the UK, its nations, regions and communities, bringing the UK to the world and the world and the world to the UK, helping to deliver to the public the benefit of emerging communications technologies and services, and taking a leading role in the switchover to digital television.
This Charter also created the largest change in the governance of the Corporation since its inception. It abolished the sometimes controversial governing body, the Board of Governors, and replaced it with the BBC Trust and a formalised Executive Board.
Under the Royal Charter, the BBC must obtain a licence from the Home Secretary. This licence is accompanied by an agreement which sets the terms and conditions under which BBC is allowed to broadcast. It was under this Licence and Agreement that the Sinn Fein broadcast ban from 1988 to 1994 was implemented.
BBC Trust
The BBC Trust is when they make sure that the BBC follow their charter, not made up by BBC staff. The Trust will perform these roles in the public interest.
The BBC Trust was formed on 1 January 2007, replacing the Board of Governors as the governing body of the Corporation. The Trust sets the strategy for the corporation, assesses the performance of the BBC Executive Board in delivering the BBC's services, and appoints the Director-General.
BBC Trustees are appointed by the British monarch on advice of government ministers. There are currently ten trustees with two vacancies, headed by the Chairman, Lord Patten of Barnes and the vice-chairman Diane Coyle. There are trustees for the four constituents of the United Kingdom are; England (Alison Hastings), Scotland (Bill Matthews), Wales (Elan Closs Stephens) and Northern Ireland (Rotha Johnston). The remaining four trustees are Richard Ayre, Anthony Fry, David Liddiment and Mehmuda Mian.
BBC Commissioning
They wanted someone to be recognised, not just some people who had no experiences with radio. They need to be an registered production company. The next stage is for the company to look for what radio stations want and get ideas. They will then prepare an idea/pitch to put forward and see if the stations want them. At the moment, they want new ideas for Radio 1/ Radio 1 Xtra, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4/ Radio 4 Extra, Radio 5 Live, Radio 6 Music, World Service, Asian Network, Regions, Local Radio and Interactive.
Commercial Radio
Three national commercial radio stations broadcasting on analogue radio in the UK which are:
- Classic FM - 99.9 to 101.9 MHz, first air date 7 September 1992
- Absolute Radio - 1215 kHz mediumwave in most areas, first air date 30 April 1993 as Virgin1215
- Talksport - 1053 kHz and 1089 kHz in most areas, first air date 14 February 1995 as Talk Radio UK
Commercial Radio in Manchester
The most popular local commercial stations is Manchester are:
- Key 103
- Northwest Radio
- Capital FM (Manchester)
Some stations have been collected into networks, sharing some programmes and syndicated output.
Global Radio
- Heart
- Galaxy
- Gold
- Xfm
- Real Radio
- Rock Radio
- Smooth Radio
- Kiss
- Magic
Introduction
I am going to produce a blog which includes the following...
- Structure of the UK Radio Industry
- Organisation of the UK Radio Industry
- Ownership of Radio Stations in the UK Radio Industry
I will talk about different type of radio stations and how they are different from each other.
The types of radio stations, I will include are:
- Commercial Radio
- Public Service Radio
- Not-for-Profit Radio
- Independent Radio Programme Production Companies
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